Basic information

To find the area of a square, you need to take the length of its side to the second power.

Find the area of the square whose side length is 3 cm

a square with a side of 3 cm 2

S = 32 = 9 cm2

a square with side 3 cm S 2

Now solve the inverse task. Namely, knowing the area of the square we will determine the length of its side. To do this we will use such a tool as a root. A root can be a square, a cube, or the n-th power.

Now we are interested in the square root. It is otherwise known as the 2nd-power root.

To find the length of the side of our square, we need to find a number whose second power is 9. This is number 3. This number is the root.

Let's introduce a new symbol for working with roots.

The root symbol looks like root symbol. This is because the word root is used in mathematics as a radical. And the word radical comes from the Latin radix (which means root). The first letter of the word radix is r, which was later transformed into the root symbol root symbol.

Under the root there is a sub-root expression. In our case, the sub-root expression is number 9 (the area of the square).

root of 9

We were interested in the square root (aka the second power root), so we put the number 2 on the left above the root. This number is called the index of the root (or the power of the root)

root of 9 second power

We got an expression that reads like this: "the square root of 9. From this point on, a new task arises to find the root itself.

If you take number 3 to the second power, you get number 9. Therefore, number 3 is the answer:

root of 9 solution

So a square with an area of 9 cm2 has a side whose length is 3 cm. The above action is called extraction of the square root.

It is not hard to guess that the square root of 9 is also a negative number -3. Its exponent in the second power also yields the number 9

It turns out that expression root of 9 second power 130px has two values: 3 and -3. But the length of the side of the square cannot be a negative number, so for our task the answer is only one, namely 3.

In general, the square root has two opposite values: positive and negative.

For example, extract the square root from the number 4

root of 4 second power

This expression has two values: 2 and -2, because if you take these numbers to the second power, you get the same result 4

2 v 2 i -2 v -2

Therefore, the answer to an expression of the form square root of a is written with a plus and a minus. Plus and minus means that the square root has two opposite values.

Write down the answer to the expression root of 4 second power 130px with plus and minus:

 root of 4 two values


Definitions

Let's define the square root.

The square root of a is a number b whose second power is equal to a.

That is, the number b must be such that the equality ba is fulfilled. The number b (aka the root) is denoted by the radical square root of a such that square root of a is b. In practice, the left and right parts are swapped and we see the usual expression square root of a is b 2

For example, the square root of number 16 is number 4, because number 4 to the second power is 16

42 = 16

Root 4 can be denoted by the radical square root of 16 so that 4 is root of 16.

Also, the square root of 16 is -4, since -4 to the second power is 16

(−4)2 = 16

If only a positive value is of interest when solving a task, then the root is not just called a square root, but an arithmetic square root.

The arithmetic square root of a is a non-negative number b (b ≥ 0) at which the equality ba is satisfied.

In our example, the square roots of number 16 are roots 4 and -4, but only the root of 4 is arithmetic.

In colloquial language, you can use an abbreviation. For example, the full expression square root of 16 reads "the square root of sixteen", while the abbreviated version reads "the root of sixteen".

The terms root and square should not be confused. A square is a number that is the result of raising any number to the second power. For example, the numbers 25, 36, 49 are squares because they are the result of raising numbers 5, 6, and 7 to the second power, respectively.

The roots are 5, 6, and 7. They are those numbers which, to the second power, are 25, 36, and 49, respectively.

Most often in square roots, the exponent of the root is not specified at all. For example, instead of writing root of 9 second power 130px you can use the notation root of 9 130px. If you find a root without an exponent in a math textbook, you should know it is a square root.

The square root of one is equal to one. That is, the following equality is true:

a square of 1 is 1

This is because one to the second power equals one:

12 = 1

and a square consisting of one square unit has a side equal to one:

single square unit

The square root of zero is zero. That is, equality root of zero is zero is true because 02 = 0.

An expression of the form square root of -a without 2 makes no sense. For example, the expression square root of -4 makes no sense, because the second power of any number is a positive number. It is impossible to find a number whose second power is -4.

If an expression of the form square root of a without 2 is raised to the second power, that is, if we write square root of a in 2, then this expression will be equal to the sub-root expression a

square root of a at 2 equals a

For example, expression square root of 4 in 2 equals 4

square root of 4 at 2 equals 4

This is because expression square root of 4 is equal to 2. But that value is immediately raised to the second power and the result is 4.

More examples:

 root of 9 16 25 in the 2nd power

The root of the square of a number is equal to the modulus of that number:

the root of a to 2 equals a

For example, the root of number 5 raised to the second power is equal to the modulus of number 5

root of 5 in 2 equals mod of 5

If a negative number is raised to the second power, the answer will again be positive. For example, the root of -5 raised to the second power is equal to the modulus of -5. And the modulus of -5 is 5

the root of the number -5 squared

Indeed, if, without using the root from a to 2 equals a 130px rule, we calculate expression the root of the number -5 squared by 1 by the usual method - first raising the number -5 to the second power, then extracting the result, we get the answer 5

Root from -5 to 2 2 ways

The the root of a to 2 equals a 130px rule should not be confused with the the root of a to 2 equals a 2 130px rule. The the root of a to 2 equals a 130px rule is true for any a, while the the root of a to 2 equals a 2 130px rule is true if the the root of a to 2 equals a 2 expression makes sense.

In some textbooks, the root sign may appear without the top line. It looks like this:

root sign without top line

Examples: √4, âˆš9, âˆš16.

A smaller number corresponds to a smaller root, and a larger number corresponds to a larger root.

For example, consider the numbers 49 and 64. The number 49 is smaller than the number 64.

49 < 64

If you extract the square roots from these numbers, then to number 49 corresponds the smaller root, and to number 64 the larger root. Indeed, √49 = 7, and √64 = 8,

√49 < √64

Hence:

7 < 8


Examples of square root extraction

Let's look at some simple examples of square root extraction.

Example 1. Extract the square root of √36

This square root is equal to a number whose square is 36. This is number 6, because 62 = 36.

√36 = 6


Example 2. Extract the square root of √49

This square root is equal to a number whose square is 49. This is number 7, because 72 = 49.

√49 = 7

In such simple examples, it is enough to know the multiplication table. For example, we remember that the number 49 is part of the multiplication table by seven. That is:

7 Ã— 7 = 49

But 7 × 7 is 72

7= 49

Hence, √49 = 7.


Example 3. Extract the square root of √100

This square root is equal to a number whose square is 100. This is number 10, because 102 = 100

√100 = 10

The number 100 is the last number whose root can be extracted using the multiplication table. For numbers greater than 100, square roots can be found using the square table.


Example 4. Extract the square root of √256

This square root is a number whose square is 256. To find this number, use the table of squares.

Find the number 256 in the table of squares and moving from it to the left and up determine the digits that form the number whose square is 256

table of squares kv ch 256

We see that this number is 16. So √256 = 16.


Example 5. Find the value of the expression 2√16

In this example, the number 2 is multiplied by the expression with the root. First calculate the root √16, then multiply it with number 2

2 at root of 16


Example 6. Solve equation rad to x = 4

In this example, you need to find the value of the variable x where the left-hand side equals 4.

The value of the variable x is 16, because root of 16 = 4. So the root of the equation is 16.

root of 16 = 4 Check

Note. The root of an equation should not be confused with the square root. The root of an equation is the value of the variable at which the equation converts to a valid numerical equality. And a square root is a number whose second degree is equal to the expression below the radical root symbol.

Similar examples are solved using the definition of the square root. Let us do the same.

We know from the definition that the square root of square root of a without 2 is equal to the number b at which the equality b2 = a is satisfied.

square root of a is b without 2 and b v 2 = a

Let us apply the equality b2 = a to our example rad to x = 4. The variable b is number 4, and the variable a is the expression under the root of square root of x without 2, namely, the variable x

square root of 4 b 4 v 2 = x

In the expression 42 = x, calculate the left-hand side, we obtain 16 = x. Swap the left and right parts, and we obtain x = 16. As a result, we find the value of the variable x.


Example 7. Solve equation x - 8 = 0

Move -8 to the right side, changing the sign:

x - 8 = 0 step 1

Let's raise the right part to the second power and equate it to the variable x

x - 8 = 0 step 2

Calculate the right part, we get 64 = x. Swap the left and right parts, we get x = 64. So the root of equation x - 8 = 0 primer is 64.

x - 8 = 0 step 3


Example 8. Solve equation root of 3 at 5x = 7 example

Let's use the definition of the square root:

square root of a is b without 2 and b v 2 = a

Variable b is number 7, and variable a is the sub-root expression 3 + 5x. Let us raise number 7 to the second power and equate it to 3 + 5x

root of 3 at 5x = 7 step 1

In the expression 72 = 3 + 5x we calculate the left-hand side and obtain 49 = 3 + 5x. This is an ordinary linear equation. Solve it:

root of 3 at 5x = 7 step 3

The root of the equation root of 3 at 5x = 7 example is 46 at 5. Let us check it by substituting it into the original equation:

root of 3 at 5x = 7 step 5


Example 9. Find the value of expression 2 at root of 49

In this expression, number 2 is multiplied by the square root of number 49.

First extract the square root and multiply it with number 2

2 at root of 49 solution


The approximate value of the square root

Not every square root can be extracted. You can extract a square root only if you can find a number whose second power is equal to the sub-root expression.

For example, you can extract the square root of root of 64 because you can find a number whose second power is equal to the square sub-root expression. This is the number 8, because 82 = 64. That is, root of 64 = 8

And it is impossible to extract the square root of root of 3 because it is impossible to find a number whose second power equals 3. In this case it is said that the square root of number 3 cannot be extracted.

But it is possible to extract the square root of number 3 by approximation. To extract the square root approximately means to find a value that, when taken to the second power, is as close to the sub-root expression as possible.

The approximated value is searched for with a certain accuracy: accurate to integers, accurate to tenths, accurate to hundredths, and so on.

Find the value of root root of 3 approximately to the nearest tenth. The phrase "to the nearest tenth" indicates that the approximate value of root root of 3 will be a decimal fraction with one digit after the point.

First, let's find the nearest smaller number, the root of which can be extracted. This is number 1. The root of this number is equal to the number itself:

√1 = 1

Similarly, find the nearest larger number, the root of which can be extracted. This is the number 4. The root of this number is 2

√4 = 2

√1 is less than √4

√1√4

And √3 is greater than √1 but less than √4. Let us write it as a double inequality:

√1 < √3 < √4

The exact values of the roots √1 and √4 are known. These are numbers 1 and 2

1 < âˆš3 < 2

Then it is obvious that the value of the root √3 will be a decimal, because there are no integers between the numbers 1 and 2.

To find an approximate value of the square root of √3, we will check the decimal fractions between 1 and 2 by squaring them. We will do this until we get a value as close to 3 as possible. Let's check for example the fraction 1.1

1.12 = 1.21

The result is 1.21, which is not very close to 3. So 1.1 is not suitable as an approximation for the square root of √3, because it is small.

Let's check then the fraction 1.8

1.82 = 3.24

The result is 3.24, which is close to the sub-root expression, but exceeds it by 0.24. So 1.8 is not suitable as an approximation to the √3 root, because it is large.

Let's check then the fraction 1.7

1.72 = 2.89

The result is 2.89, which is already close to the approximate sub-root expression. So 1.7 is the approximate value of the square root of √3. Recall that the sign of the approximation looks like ≈

√3 â‰ˆ 1.7

The value 1.6 does not need to be checked, because the result is 2.56, which is further from three than the value 2.89. And the value of 1.8, as shown earlier, is already large.

In this case, we found an approximate value of the root √3 to the nearest tenth. The value can be obtained even more accurately. To do this, it must be found to the nearest hundredth.

To find the value to within a hundredth, check the decimals between 1.7 and 1.8

1.7 < √3 < 1.8

Let's check the fraction 1.74

1.742 = 3.0276

The result is 3.0276, which is close to the sub-root expression, but exceeds it by 0.0276. So the value of 1.74 is large for the √3 root.

Let's check then the fraction 1.73

1.732 = 2.9929

The result is 2.9929, which is close to the sub-root expression √3. So 1.73 would be an approximation to the square root of √3 to the nearest hundredth.

The process of finding an approximate value of a square root goes on indefinitely. Thus, the √3 root can be found to the nearest thousandths, ten thousandths, and so on:

√3 = 1.732 (calculated to the nearest thousandths)

√3 = 1.7320 (evaluated to within ten thousandths)

√3 = 1.73205 (evaluated to the nearest hundred thousandths).

Another square root can be extracted to integers. The approximated value of the square root √3 to integers is one:

√3 ≈ 1

The value 2 would be too large, because taking this number to the second power results in number 4, which is larger than the sub-root expression. We are interested in values that, when raised to the second power, are equal to the sub-root expression or as close to it as possible, but do not exceed it.

Depending on the task at hand, it is allowed to find a value whose second power is greater than the square root. This value is called the approximate value of the square root with excess. Let's talk about this in more detail.


The approximated value of the square root with a deficiency and an excess

Sometimes you may encounter an task that requires you to find an approximate value of a root with a deficiency or excess.

In the previous topic, we found an approximate value of the root √3 to the nearest tenth with a deficiency. Deficiency is understood in the sense that we lacked some more parts to the value of 3. Thus, by finding an approximate value of √3 to the nearest tenth, we obtained 1.7. This value is a value with a deficiency, because if you take this number to the second power, you get the result 2.89. This result lacks another 0.11 to get number 3. That is, 2.89 + 0.11 = 3.

Excess values are approximations that, when taken to the second power, yield a result that exceeds the sub-root expression. For example, by calculating the √3 root as an approximation, we checked the value 1.8. This value is an approximation of the √3 root, to the nearest tenth, since taking 1.8 to the second power gives you 3.24. This result exceeds the sub-root expression by 0.24. That is, 3.24 - 3 = 0.24.

The approximate value of the square root √3 to integers was also found with a deficiency:

√3 ≈ 1

This is because when you squared one, you get one. That is, the number 3 is still two short.

The approximated value of the square root √3 can also be found to the nearest integer with an excess. Then this root is approximated by 2

√3 ≈ 2

This is because when you squared 2, you get 4. The number 4 exceeds the sub-root expression 3 by one. When approximating the square root with an excess, it is desirable to specify that the root is extracted with an excess:

√3 ≈ 2 (with excess)

Because an approximation is more often sought with a deficiency than with an excess.

Additionally, it should be mentioned that in some textbooks the phrases "to the nearest integer", "to the nearest tenth", "to the nearest hundredth", are replaced by "to the nearest 1", "to the nearest 0.1", "to the nearest 0.01" respectively.

For example, if the assignment says to extract the square root of number 5 to the nearest 0.01, then this means that the root should be extracted approximately to the nearest hundredth:

√5 ≈ 2.23


Example 2. Extract the square root of 51 to the nearest 1

√51 ≈ 7


Example 3. Extract the square root of 51 to the nearest 0.1

√51 ≈ 7.1

Example 4. Extract the square root of 51 to the nearest 0.01

√51 ≈ 7.14


Boundaries within which the roots are located

If the initial number belongs to the interval [1; 100], then the square root of this initial number will belong to the interval [1; 10].

For example, let the initial number be 64. This number belongs to the interval [1; 100]. Immediately we conclude that the square root of the number 64 will belong to the interval [1; 10]. Now remember the multiplication table. What multiplication of two identical factors results in 64? Clearly, the multiplication of 8 × 8, which is 82 = 64. So the square root of 64 is 8.

root of 64 = 8


Example 1. Extract the square root of 49

The number 49 belongs to the interval [1; 100]. So the square root belongs to the interval [1; 10]. This root is number 7, because 72 = 49

√49 = 7


Example 2. Extract the square root of number 1

The number 1 belongs to the interval [1; 100]. So the square root belongs to the interval [1; 10]. This root is number 1, because 12 = 1

√1 = 1


Example 3. Extract the square root of 100

The number 100 belongs to the interval [1; 100]. So the square root belongs to the interval [1; 10]. The square root is 10, since 102 = 100

√100 = 10

It is clear that the interval [1; 100] also contains numbers from which square roots cannot be extracted. For such numbers the root must be extracted approximately. However, the approximate root will also be within the interval [1; 10].

For example, extract the square root of the number 37. There is no integer whose second power equals 37. Therefore, the extraction of the square root must be approximated. Extract it to the nearest hundredth:

√37 ≈ 6.08

To make it easier, you can find the nearest smaller number from which the root is extracted. This in this example was the number 36. The square root of it is 6. Then, starting from number 6, we can find an approximate value of the root √37 by checking various decimal fractions whose integer part is 6.

The squares of numbers from 1 to 10 must be known by heart. Below are these squares:

12 = 1
22 = 4
32 = 9
42 = 16
52 = 25
62 = 36
72 = 49
82 = 64
92 = 81
102 = 100

And inversely, one should know the values of the square roots of these squares:

If you add a zero (or several zeros) to any number from 1 to 10 and then raise it to the second power, the resulting number will have twice as many zeros.

For example, 62 = 36. Add one zero to number 6 to get 60. Take 60 to the second power to get 3600.

60= 3600

And if you add two zeros to the number 6 and raise it to the second power, you get a number with four zeros. That is, twice as many zeroes:

6002 = 360000

Then the following conclusion can be drawn:

If the original number contains a square and an even number of zeros, you can extract the square root of that number. To do this, extract the square root from the square we know and then write half the number of zeroes from the original number.

For example, extract the square root of the number 900. We see that this number has the familiar square 9. Extract the square root from it, and we get 3

root of 900 = 3

Now from the original number write half of the number of zeros. The original number 900 contains two zeros. Half of this number of zeroes is one zero. Write it in the answer after number 3

root of 900 = 30


Example 2. Extract the square root of 90000

Here again we have the familiar square 9 and an even number of zeros. Extract the root of 9 and write down half of the number of zeroes. The original number contains four zeros. Half of this number of zeroes is two zeroes:

drawing 2


Example 3. Extract the square root of 36000000

Here we have the familiar square 36 and an even number of zeros. Extract the root from the number 36 and write down half of the number of zeroes. The original number has six zeros. The half is three zeros:

drawing 3


Example 4. Extract the square root of 2500

Here we have the familiar square 25 and an even number of zeros. Extract the root from the number 25 and write down half of the number of zeros. The original number has two zeros. The half is one zero:

drawing 4


If the sub-root number is increased (or decreased) by 100, 10000, then the root will increase (or decrease) by a factor of 10, 100, respectively.

For example, root of 49 = 7. If we increase the sub-root number by a factor of 100, the square root will increase by a factor of 10:

drawing 101

Conversely, if in equality root of 49 = 7 we reduce the sub-root number by a factor of 100, then the square root will decrease by a factor of 10:

drawing 102

Example 2. Increase the sub-root number in Equality drawing103 by 10000, then the square root of 70 will increase by a factor of 100

drawing 104

Example 3. Reduce the sub-root number of drawing 103 by a factor of 100, then the square root of 70 will decrease by a factor of 10.

drawing 105

This pattern allows you to extract the square root of a decimal if the fraction in question contains two digits after the dot, and those two digits form the familiar square. In such cases, multiply the given decimal by 100. Then take the square root of the resulting number and reduce the sub-root number by one hundred times.

For example, extract the square root of the number 0.25. This decimal has two digits after the dot and these two digits form the familiar square 25.

Multiply the decimal 0.25 by 100 to get 25. And the square root of 25 is easy to extract:

drawing 106

But we originally needed to extract the root of 0.25, not 25. To correct the situation, we return our decimal. If we decrease the sub-root number by a factor of 100, we will get 0.25 under the root and the answer will be decreased by a factor of 10:

drawing 107

Usually in such cases, it is enough to be able to move the point. Because moving a number's point to the right by two digits is like multiplying that number by 100.

In the previous example, you could move the dot to the right by two digits in the subordinate number 0.25, but in the resulting answer, you could move it to the left by one digit.

For example, extract the root of the number 0.81. We mentally move the point to the right by two digits, we get 81. Now take the square root of 81 and get 9. In answer 9, move the dot to the left by one digit, we get 0.9. So, drawing 108.

This rule also works in a situation where the point is followed by four digits and these digits form the familiar square.

For example, the decimal 0.1225 contains four digits after the point. These four digits form the number 1225, the square root of which is 35.

Then we can extract the square root of 0.1225. Multiply this decimal by 10000 to get 1225. The square root of 1225 can be extracted using the square table:

square 1225

drawing 109

But we originally needed to extract the root from 0.1225, not from 1225. To correct the situation, we decrease the sub-root number in equality drawing 109 by a factor of 10000. As a result, the decimal 0.1225 is formed under the root, and the right part is reduced by a factor of 100

drawing 110

The same pattern will work for extracting roots from fractions like 12.25. If the digits that make up a decimal form the familiar square, with an even number of digits after the decimal, we can extract the root from the decimal.

Multiply the decimal 12.25 by 100 to get 1225. Extract the root of 1225

drawing 109

Now in equality drawing 109 reduce the sub-root number by a factor of 100. As a result, the number under the root is 12.25, and, accordingly, the answer is reduced by a factor of 10.

drawing 111


If the initial number belongs to the interval [100; 10000], then the square root of this initial number will belong to the interval [10; 100].

In this case the table of squares is applied:

For example, let the initial number be 576. This number belongs to the interval [100; 10000]. We immediately conclude that the square root of 576 belongs to the range [10; 100]. Now open the table of squares and see what number in the second power equals 576

table of squares figure 2

We see that this number is 24. So root of 576 = 24.


Example 2. Extract the square root of 432.

The number 432 belongs to the interval [100; 10000]. So the square root should be searched for in the interval [10; 100]. Open the table of squares and see what number in the second power equals 432. We find that number 432 is not in the table of squares. In this case, the square root must be searched approximately.

Extract the square root of 432 to the nearest tenth.

In the table of squares, the closest number to 432 is 400. The square root of it is 20. Starting from the number 20, we will check various decimal whose integer part is 20.

Let's check, for example, the number 20.8. To do this, let's square it:

20.82 = 432.64

The result is 432.64, which exceeds the original number 432 by 0.64. We see that the value 20.8 is large for the root √432. Let us check then the value 20.7

20.7= 428.49

The value 20.7 is suitable as the root, because squaring this number results in the number 428.49, which is less than the original number 432, but close to it. So √432 ≈ 20.7

It is not necessary to memorize the intervals to find out in which boundaries the root is located. You can use the method of finding the nearest squares with an even number of zeros at the end.

For example, extract the root of the number 4225. We know the nearest least square of 3600, and the nearest larger square of 4900

3600 < 4225 < 4900

Extract the square roots from the numbers 3600 and 4900. These are numbers 60 and 70, respectively:

figure 112

Then you can see that the square root of 4225 is between 60 and 70. You can even find it by a search method. Roots 60 and 70 are excluded at once, since they are the roots of numbers 3600 and 4900. Then you can check, for example, the root 64. Square it (or multiply this number by itself)

figure 55

Root 64 is no good. Let's check root 65

figure 56

It turns out to be 4225. So 65 is the root of 4225.

figure 113


Identical transformations with square roots

Various identity transformations can be performed on square roots, thereby facilitating their computation. Let us consider some of these transformations.

The square root of the product

The square root of the product is an expression of the form rad ab, where a and b are some numbers.

For example, the expression square root of 4 by 9 is the square root of the product of 4 and 9.

To extract such a square root, you must separately extract the square roots of the factors 4 and 9, presenting expression square root of 4 by 9 as the product of the roots square root of 4 by root of 9. If we calculate these roots separately we obtain a product of 2 × 3, which is 6

root 4 by 9 solution

Of course, you can avoid such manipulation and first calculate the sub-root expression 4 × 9, which is equal to 36. Then extract the square root of 36

root 4 by 9 short solution

But in extracting square roots from large numbers, this rule can be very useful.

Suppose you want to extract the square root of 144. This root is easily determined using the table of squares - it is equal to 12

Root 144 equals 12

But let's imagine that there is no table of squares at hand. In this case the number 144 can be decomposed into prime factors. Then from these prime factors make up the numbers from which the square roots are extracted.

So, let's decompose the number 144 into prime factors:

Decomposition of number 144 into factors

We obtained the following decomposition:

Decomposition of number 144 into factors 2

The expansion contains four twos and two threes. All the numbers in the expansion are multiplied. This makes it possible to represent the products of identical factors as a power with exponent 2.

Then the four twos can be replaced by the entry 2× 22, and the two threes can be replaced by 32

Decomposition

As a result, we will have the following decomposition:

Decomposition of number 144 into factors 4

Now you can extract the square root of the decomposition of 144

The roots from the decomposition of 144

Apply the rule of extraction of the square root of the product:

The roots from the decomposition of 144 step 2

It was said earlier that if a sub-root expression is raised to the second power, then that square root is equal to the modulus of the sub-root expression.

Then you get the product 2 × 2 × 3, which is 12

The roots from the decomposition of 144 step 3

Simple factors are presented as a power for convenience and short writing. It is also allowed to write them under the root as they are, so that later multiplying them will give new factors.

Thus, by decomposing 144 into prime factors, we obtain the decomposition 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3. This decomposition can be written under the root as it is:

root of 144

then multiply some of the factors so that the square roots are extracted. In this case, you can multiply two twos twice and multiply two threes once:

root of 144 step 2

Then apply the rule of extraction of the square root of the product and get the final answer:

root of 144 step 3

You can use the square root extraction rule to extract the square root from a product and other large numbers. This includes numbers that are not in the square table.

For example, extract the square root of number 13456. This number is not in the table of squares, so we will use the rule of extracting the square root of the product, having previously decomposed number 13456 into prime factors.

So, let's decompose the number 13456 into prime factors:

13456 decomposition into prime factors

In the expansion there are four twos and two numbers 29. The twos are represented twice as 22. And the two numbers 29 are represented as 292. As a result, we obtain the following decomposition of 13456

Decomposition of number 13456 into multipliers

Now we will extract the square root of the decomposition of 13456

the root of number 13456

So if a ≥ 0 and b ≥ 0, then square root of ab is rad a and rad b. That is, the root of the product of non-negative factors is equal to the product of the roots of these factors.

Let us prove the equality of square root of ab is rad a and rad b. To do this we will use the definition of the square root.

By definition, the square root of a is the number b at which the equality b= a is satisfied.

In our case, we need to make sure that the right-hand side of equality square root of ab is rad a and rad b, when raised to the second power, will result in a sub-root expression of the left-hand side, that is, the expression ab.

So, write down the right-hand side of the equality square root of ab is rad a and rad b and raise it to the second power:

cor a by kor b v 2

Now let us use the rule of exponentiation of a product. According to this rule, each factor of a given product must be raised to a specified power:

cor a by kor b v 2

It was said earlier that if an expression of the form square root of a is raised to the second power, we obtain a sub-root expression. Let us apply this rule. Then we obtain ab. This is the sub-root expression of the square root of ab

b v 2

It means that the equality square root of ab is rad a and rad b is valid, because when you raise the right part to the second power, you get a sub-root expression of the left part.

The rule for extracting the square root from a product also works if there are more than two factor under the root. That is, the following equation is valid:

square root of abc is rad a and rad b and rad c, when a ≥ 0 and b ≥ 0, c ≥ 0.


Example 1. Find the value of the square root rad 16 by rad 25 by 64

Write the root rad 16 by rad 25 by 64 as a product of roots, extract them, and then find the value of the product:

rad 16 by rad 25 by 64 solution


Example 2. Find the value of the square root root of 10 at 250

Let's represent the number 250 as a product of 25 and 10. We will do this under the root sign:

root of 10 at 250 step 1

Now there are two identical factors 10 and 10 under the root. Multiply them and you get 100

root of 10 at 250 step 2

Then we apply the rule of extraction of the square root of the product and get the final answer:

root of 10 at 250 step 3


Example 3. Find the value of the square root root of 11 in 4 step 1

Let us use the rule of increasing the power to a power. Let us represent the power of 114 as (112)2.

root of 11 in 4 step 2

Now use the rule of extracting the square root from the square of a number:

root of a in 2 = a 130px

In our case, the square root of (112)2 will be 112. Simply put, the outer exponent of power 2 will disappear, but the inner exponent will remain:

root of 11 in 4 step 3

Then we raise the number 11 to the second power and get the final answer:

root of 11 in 4

This example can also be solved using the rule of extraction of the square root of the product. To do this, write the sub-root expression 114 as product 11× 112. Then extract the square root of that product:

root of 11 in 4 version 2


Example 4. Find the value of the square root root of 3 in 4 at 5 in 6

Let us rewrite power 34 in the form (32)2, and power 56 in the form (53)2

root of 3 in 4 at 5 in 6 step 2

Then we use the rule of extraction of the square root of the product:

root of 3 in 4 at 5 in 6 step 3

Next, use the rule of extraction of the square root from the square of a number:

root of 3 in 4 at 5 in 6 step 4

Calculate the product of the resulting powers and get the final answer:

root of 3 in 4 at 5 in 6 step 5


The factors below the root can be decimals. For example, extract the square root of the product image 58

Write the root of image 58 as a product of roots, extract them, then find the value of the resulting product:

image 59


Example 6. Find the value of the square root image 60

image 61


Example 7. Find the value of the square root image 63

image 62


If the first factor is multiplied by the number n and the second factor is divided by that number n, then the product will not change.

For example, the product of 8 × 4 is 32

8 Ã— 4 = 32

Multiply the factor 8 by, say, number 2, and divide the factor 4 by the same number 2. Then you get the product 16 × 2, which also equals 32.

(8 × 2) × (4 : 2) = 32

This property is useful in solving some square root extraction tasks. The factors of a sub-root expression can be multiplied and divided so that the roots are extracted from them.

For example, extract the square root of the product image 64. If you immediately use the rule for extracting a square root from a product, you cannot extract the roots √1.6 and √90, because they are not extractable.

Analyzing the sub-root expression 1.6 × 90, we can see that if the first factor 1.6 is multiplied by 10 and the second factor 90 is divided by 10, then the product is 16 × 9. From such a product the square root can be extracted using the rule of extraction of the square root from the product.

Let us write down the complete solution of this example:

image 65

The multiplication and division process can be done in your mind. You can also skip the detailed notation of extracting the square root of each quotient. Then the solution becomes shorter:

image 66


Example 9. Find the value of the square root image 68

Multiply the first factor by 10 and divide the second by 10. Then the product 36 × 0.04 is formed under the root, from which the square root is extracted:

image 67


If you swap the left and right parts of equality square root of ab is rad a and rad b, you get equality square root of ab is rad a and rad b change. This transformation allows you to simplify the calculation of some roots.

For example, find out what the value of the expression root of 10 at root of 40 step 1.

No square roots can be extracted from the numbers 10 and 40. Let us use the square root of ab is rad a and rad b change rule, that is, replace the expression of two root of 10 at root of 40 step 1 roots with an expression with one root, under which will be the product of the numbers 10 and 40

root of 10 at root of 40 step 2

Now find the value of the product under the root:

root of 10 at root of 40 step 3

And the square root of the number 400 is extracted. It is equal to 20

root of 10 at root of 40 step 4

The factors below the root can be expanded into factors, grouped, represented as a power, and multiplied to obtain new factors from which the roots are extracted.

For example, find the value of expression image 69.

Let's use the rule square root of ab is rad a and rad b change

image 70

The factor 32 is 25. Let's represent this factor as 2 Ã— 24

image 71

Multiply the factors 2 and 2 to obtain 4. And let's represent the factor 24 as a power with index 2

image 72

Now let's use rule square root of ab is rad a and rad b and calculate the final answer:

image 73


Example 12. Find the value of expression image 74

Let's use rule square root of ab is rad a and rad b change

image 75

The factor 8 is 2 × 2 × 2, and the factor 98 is 2 × 7 × 7.

image 76

Now there are four twos and two sevens under the root. Four twos can be written as 2× 22, and two sevens as 72

image 77

Now let's use rule square root of ab is rad a and rad b and calculate the final answer:

image 78


The square root of a fraction

The square root of root of a at b is a fraction whose numerator is the square root of a and whose denominator is the square root of b.

For example, the square root of a fraction  is a fraction whose numerator is the square root of 4 and whose denominator is the square root of 9.

root of 4 at 9 = root of 4 at root of 9

Calculate the square roots in the numerator and denominator:

root of 4 at 9 = root of 4 at root of 9 step 2

So the square root of fraction  is 2/3.

Let us prove that equality  is true.

Let's raise the right part to the second power. If the result is a fraction of a by b, it means that equality  is true:

cor a by cor b v 2


Example 1. Extract the square root of root of 49 at root of 81

Use the rule of extraction of the square root of a fraction:

root of 49 at root of 81 solution


Example 2. Extract the square root of root of 16 at 9 example

Convert the sub-root expression into an irregular fraction, then use the rule of extraction of the square root of the fraction:

root of 16 at 9 solution


Example 3. Extract the square root of image 92

The square root of 0.09 is 0.3. But it is possible to extract this root using the rule of extraction of the square root from a fraction.

Let's represent the sub-root expression as fraction. 0.09 is nine hundredths:

image 70

Now you can use the rule of extraction of the square root of a fraction:

root of 0.09


Example 4. Find the value of the expression square 009 at square 025 example

Extract the roots of 0.09 and 0.25, then add up the results:

square 009 at square 025

You can also use the rule of extraction of the square root of a fraction:

image 71

In this example, the first method was easier and more convenient.


Example 5. Find the value of the expression 4 - 10 square 001 example

First calculate the square root, then multiply it with 10. Subtract the result from 4.

4 - 10 square 001 solution


Example 6. Find the value of the expression -7 at root 036 at 54 example

First, find the value of the square root of root of 036. It is 0.6 since 0.62 = 0.36

-7 at root 036 at 54 step 2

Now let's calculate the resulting expression. According to the order of operations, we must first perform multiplication, then addition:

-7 at root 036 at 54 step 3


Factoring out from under the root sign

In some tasks it may be useful to take the factor out from under the sign of the root.

Consider the square root of product root of 4 at 3. According to the rule of extraction of the square root of product, you must extract the square root from each factor of the product:

root of 4 at 3 step 2

In our example, the square root is extracted only from a factor 4. We extract it and leave expression root of 3 unchanged:

root of 4 at 3 step 3

This is factoring out from under the root sign.

In practice, a sub-root expression most often needs to be decomposed into factors.


Example 2. Take the factor out from under the sign of the root in expression root of 18

Decompose the sub-root expression into the factors 9 and 2. Then we obtain:

root of 18 step 1

Now use the rule of extraction of the square root of the product. Only the root of factor 9 can be extracted. Leave factor 2 under the root:

root of 18 last step


Example 3. Take the factor out from under the sign of the root in expression root of 363

Decompose the sub-root expression into the factors 121 and 3. Then we obtain:

root of 363 step 2

Now use the rule of extraction of the square root of the product. Only the root of the factor 121 can be extracted. Leave the expression √3 under the root:

root of 363 last step


Example 4. Take the factor out from under the sign of the root in expression image 79

Use the rule of extraction of the square root of the product:

image 81

The square root is extracted only from number 121. Extract it, and leave the expression √15 unchanged:

image 82

It turns out that factor 11 is taken out from under the sign of the root. It is customary to write the removed factor before the expression with the root. Swap the expressions √15 and 11:

image 80


Example 5. Take the factor out from under the sign of the root in expression root of 12

Decompose the sub-root expression into the factors 4 and 3

root of 12 step 1

Use the rule of extraction of the square root of the product:

root of 12 step 2

Extract the root from number 4 and leave the expression √3 unchanged:

root of 12 step 3


Example 6. Simplify the expression image 72

Let's represent the second summand image 79 as image 80. And the third summand image 81 can be represented as image 82

image 73

Now, in expressions image 83 and image 82, take the factor out from under the root sign:

image 74

In the second summand image 84, multiply the numbers -4 and 4. Let's rewrite the rest of the summand unchanged:

image 75

Note that the square root of √3 is a common multiplier in the resulting expression. Take it out of brackets:

image 76

Calculate the contents of the brackets, we get -1

image 77

If the multiplier is -1, only the minus is written down. The one is omitted. The final answer is then -√3

image 78


Put a factor under the sign of the root

Consider the following expression:

5 at root of 9

In this expression, number 5 is multiplied by the square root of number 9. Find the value of this expression.

First extract the square root, then multiply it with the number 5.

The square root of 9 is 3. Multiply it with the number 5. Then we get 15

5 at root of 9 step 2

The number 5 in this case was the factor. Let's put this factor under the root sign. But we need to do this in such a way that the value of the original expression will not change as a result of our actions. To put it simply, after putting the factor 5 under the root sign, the resulting expression should still be 15.

The value of the expression will not change if number 5 is raised to the second power and only then put it under the root:

5 at root of 9 step 3

So, if the expression a at root of b is given and you want to put the factor a under the sign of the root, then you must raise the factor a to the second power and put it under the root:

a at root of b formula

Example 1. Put a factor under the root sign of the expression 7 at root of 10

Raise the number 7 to the second power and put it under the root sign:

7 at root of 10 solution


Example 2. Put a factor under the root sign of the expression 10 at root of y step 1

Raise the number 10 to the second power and put it under the root sign:

10 at root of y solution


Example 3. Put a factor under the root sign of the expression 5 at root 3 ab

5 at root 3 ab solution

You can only put a positive factor under the sign of the root. It was said earlier that an expression of the form square root of -a without 2 makes no sense.

However, if there is a negative factor before the root sign, then the minus can be left behind the root sign and the number itself can be put under the root sign.


Example 4. Put a factor under the root sign of the expression -3 at root of 2

In this example, only 3 is put under the root sign. The minus remains behind the root sign:

-3 at root of 2 solution


Example 5. Perform exponentiation in the following expression:

image 85

Use the formula for the square of the sum of two expressions:

(a + b)2 = a+ 2ab + b2

The variable a in this case is √3, and the variable b is √2:

image 86

Now we need to simplify the resulting expression.

For expressions root of 3 in square and root of 2 in square we will apply rule image 87. Earlier we said that if an expression of the form square root of a without 2 is raised to the second power, then this expression is equal to sub-root expression a.

And in expression image 89 for factors root of 3 and root of 2 we apply rule square root of ab is rad a and rad b change. That is, replace the product of the roots by one common root:

image 90

Let us give like terms. In this case we can add the terms 3 and 2. And in the term image 88 calculate the product that is under the root:

image 91


 

Tasks for independent decision

Task 1. Find the value of the square root:
Solution:
Task 2. Find the value of the square root:
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Task 3. Find the value of the square root:
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Task 4. Find the value of the expression:
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Task 5. Find the value of the square root:
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Task 6. Find the value of the square root:
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Task 7. Find the value of the square root:
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Task 8. Find the values of the following expressions:
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Task 9. Extract the square root of the number 4624
 
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Task 10. Extract the square root of the number 11025
 
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Task 11. Find the value of the square root:
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Task 12. Find the value of the square root:
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Task 13. Find the value of the square root:
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Task 14. Find the value of the square root:
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Task 15. Find the value of the square root:
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Task 16. Find the value of the expression:
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Task 17. Find the value of the expression:
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Task 18. Find the value of the expression:
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Task 19. Find the value of the expression:
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Task 20. Find the value of the expression:
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Task 21. Find the value of the expression:
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Task 22. Find the value of the expression:
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Task 23. Find the value of the expression:
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Task 24. Find the value of the expression:
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Task 25. Find the value of the expression:
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Task 26. Find the value of the expression:
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Task 27. Find the value of the expression:
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Task 28. Find the value of the expression:
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Task 29. Find the value of the expression:
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Task 30. Find the value of the expression:
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Task 31. Find the value of the expression:
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Task 32. Find the value of the expression:
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Task 33. Find the value of the expression:
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Task 34. Take the factor out from under the root sign:
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Task 35. Take the factor out from under the root sign:
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Task 36. Take the factor out from under the root sign:
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Task 37. Take the factor out from under the root sign:
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Task 38. Take the factor out from under the root sign:
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Task 39. Take the factor out from under the root sign:
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Task 40. Take the factor out from under the root sign:
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Task 41. Take the factor out from under the root sign:
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Task 42. Take the factor out from under the root sign:
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Task 43. Take the factor out from under the root sign:
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Task 44. Take the factor out from under the root sign in the following expressions:
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Task 45. Put the multiplier under the root sign:
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Task 46. Put the multiplier under the root sign:
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Task 47. Put the multiplier under the root sign:
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Task 48. Put the multiplier under the root sign:
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Task 49. Put the multiplier under the root sign:
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Task 50. Put a factor under the root sign in the following expressions:
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Task 51. Simplify an expression:
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Task 52. Simplify an expression:
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Task 53. Simplify an expression:
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Task 54. Simplify an expression:
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Task 55. Simplify an expression:
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Task 56. Simplify an expression:
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Task 57. Simplify an expression:
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Task 58. Simplify an expression:
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Task 59. Simplify an expression:
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Task 60. Simplify an expression:
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